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GB/T 42728-2023: Guidelines for safety design of lithium ion batteries
GB/T 42728-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 29.220.99
CCS K 82
Guidelines for Safety Design of Lithium Ion Batteries
ISSUED ON: AUGUST 6, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: MARCH 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 4
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative References ... 5
3 Terms and Definitions ... 5
4 General Principles of Design ... 7
5 Labeling and Warning Instructions ... 8
5.1 Labeling Requirements and Warning Instructions ... 8
5.2 Durability ... 8
6 Cell ... 8
6.1 Selection of Cells ... 8
6.2 Selection of Battery Capacity ... 8
6.3 Cell Consistency ... 9
6.4 Cell Quantity ... 9
6.5 Cell Assembly Gap ... 9
6.6 Cell Safety ... 9
6.7 Cell Appearance ... 9
7 Protection Circuit ... 9
7.1 Overview ... 9
7.2 Voltage Management ... 10
7.3 Current Management ... 10
7.4 Temperature Management ... 11
7.5 Consistency Management ... 12
7.6 Multi-level Protection ... 12
7.7 Protection Reliability ... 12
7.8 Other Considerations ... 12
8 Components and Materials ... 13
8.1 Installation of Overcharging and Over-discharging Protection Devices ... 13
8.2 Connector / Connecting Piece Connection ... 13
8.3 Terminals and Connection Design ... 14
8.4 Fasteners ... 14
8.5 Temperature Sensor... 14
8.6 Wiring ... 14
8.7 Materials ... 14
9 Safety Thermal Design ... 15
9.1 Thermal Protection Design ... 15
9.2 Location of Cells in the Battery ... 15
9.3 Location of Battery in the Equipment ... 15
10 Fireproof Design ... 16
10.1 Flame Retardancy of Materials ... 16
10.2 Anti-burning Design ... 16
11 Installation ... 16
11.1 Prevention of Mechanical Damage ... 16
11.2 Prevention of Drop Injuries ... 16
11.3 Embedment in Other Equipment ... 16
11.4 Installation Direction ... 16
Bibliography ... 17
Guidelines for Safety Design of Lithium Ion Batteries
1 Scope
This document provides guidance related to the safety characteristics of battery in the design of
lithium ion battery, and suggestions for improving product safety characteristics from the
aspects of cells, protection circuits, materials and components, thermal design, fire protection
and installation, etc.
This document is applicable to the design of lithium ion battery, without distinguishing the
fields of application.
2 Normative References
This document does not have normative references.
3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions are applicable to this document.
3.1 cell manufacturer
Cell manufacturer refers to the manufacturer of lithium ion cells.
3.2 battery manufacturer
Battery manufacturer refers to the manufacturer that assembles cells into batteries.
NOTE: under certain circumstances, battery manufacturer may also be the cell manufacturer.
3.3 lithium ion cell
Lithium ion cell refers to a device that relies on the movement of lithium ions between the
positive and negative electrodes to realize the mutual conversion between chemical energy and
electrical energy, and it is designed to be rechargeable.
NOTE 1: the device usually includes electrodes, diaphragms, electrolytes, containers and terminals,
etc.
NOTE 2: hereinafter referred to as cell.
3.4 module
Module refers to a configuration with multiple cells connected in series or parallel, with or
without protection devices [for example, fuse protector or positive temperature coefficient
thermistor (PTC)] and monitoring circuits.
[source: IEC 62619:2017, 3.9]
3.5 battery protection circuit module; PCM
battery management unit; BMU
battery management system; BMS
A circuit board, circuit module or electronic system with the core function of controlling the
charging and discharging behavior of the battery to protect battery safety.
NOTE 1: usually in the simple application field of portable products, a separate battery protection
circuit module is used to protect the cells, while in the component module of complex
battery systems, the battery management unit is adopted to manage the cells in the
module; in complex battery systems, for example, new energy vehicle power batteries,
the battery management system is adopted to realize the management and protection of
the cells.
NOTE 2: a complex battery management system may include cell voltage, temperature and current
measurement, energy balance, SOC calculation and display, abnormal alarm, charge and
discharge management, and communication, etc.
3.6 battery
Battery system
Battery system refers to a system consisting of one or multiple cells, modules or battery packs.
It has a battery management system. If overcharge, overcurrent, over-discharge or overheating
occurs, the battery management system will take action.
NOTE 1: if the cell manufacturer and the user reach an agreement, over-discharge cut-off is not
mandatory.
NOTE 2: it may include cooling or heating devices, and some even include charge and discharge
modules and inverter modules.
[source: IEC 62619:2017, 3.11]
3.7 large lithium ion battery
Large lithium ion battery refers to lithium ion battery with a total mass exceeding 12 kg.
[source: UN 38.3 (Sixth revised edition), 2.3]
NOTE: it is referred to as large battery in this document.
a relatively large nominal capacity shall be carefully selected to ensure the safety, and necessary
protection devices shall be equipped.
6.3 Cell Consistency
Before assembly, the consistency of the cells needs to be screened (considering capacity,
internal resistance and voltage, etc.); cells of the same brand, model and specifications should
be used, otherwise, they must satisfy the safety requirements of international standards, national
standards and industry standards related to cell consistency.
6.4 Cell Quantity
In order to reduce safety risks, the maximum quantity of cells connected in series or parallel in
the battery respectively shall not exceed the quantity recommended by the cell manufacturer.
6.5 Cell Assembly Gap
In the structural design of the battery, for cells with square structures and polymer (including
liquid flexible package) structures, sufficient expansion space shall be reserved on the largest
surface of the cells. The reserved expansion space shall be at least greater than the minimum
value recommended by the cell manufacturer.
6.6 Cell Safety
The safety of cells used by the battery manufacturer must satisfy the international standards,
national standards and industry standards related to cells.
6.7 Cell Appearance
Before assembly, check the appearance of the cells. The appearance of the cells shall comply
with the stipulations of the battery manufacturer. The surface shall be clean and without
mechanical damage.
7 Protection Circuit
7.1 Overview
When lithium ion cells encounter abnormal conditions, such as: charging overvoltage,
discharging undervoltage, charging overcurrent, discharging overcurrent and external short-
circuit, etc., or are charged and discharged under extreme environmental conditions, or the
charge and discharge rate exceeds their own capabilities in actual application environments,
safety risks may arise. In the design of batteries, the above-mentioned risks shall be proactively
addressed to protect the safety of the constituent cells.
The modes of dealing with the above-mentioned risks include actively stopping charging and ...