GB/T 42414-2023 English PDF (GBT42414-2023)

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GB/T 42414-2023: Glass viscosity measurement -- Rotational viscometer method
GB/T 42414-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 81.040.01
CCS N 64
Glass Viscosity Measurement – Rotational Viscometer Method
(ISO 7884-2:1987, Glass -Viscosity and Viscometric Fixed Points
– Part 2: Determination of Viscosity by Rotation Viscometers, MOD)
ISSUED ON: MARCH 17, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: OCTOBER 1, 2023
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative References ... 4
3 Terms and Definitions ... 4
4 Principles ... 5
5 Apparatuses ... 6
6 Sample ... 8
7 Test Procedures ... 8
8 Data Processing ... 10
9 Test Report ... 11
Appendix A (Informative) Comparison of Changes in Structure Numbers between this
Document and ISO7884-2:1987 ... 12
Appendix B (Informative) Technical Differences and Causes between this Document
and ISO 7884-2:1987 ... 13
Appendix C (Informative) Reference Glass Number, Composition Type, Viscosity and
Corresponding Temperature Data ... 15
Glass Viscosity Measurement – Rotational Viscometer Method
1 Scope
This Document describes the rotational viscometer test method for the glass viscosity
measurement.
This Document is applicable to the measurement of Newtonian liquid glass melt viscosity in
the range of 1Pa·s~104 Pa·s.
2 Normative References
The provisions in following documents become the essential provisions of this Document
through reference in this Document. For the dated documents, only the versions with the dates
indicated are applicable to this Document; for the undated documents, only the latest version
(including all the amendments) is applicable to this Document.
GB/T 16839.1 Thermocouples – Part 1: EMF specifications and tolerances (GB/T
16839.1-2018, IEC 60584-1:2013, IDT)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this Document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Newtonian liquid
A liquid that obeys Newton's law of viscosity.
NOTE: The viscosity of this type of fluid has nothing to do with shear rate. The viscosity is constant at
a certain temperature.
3.2 Field of flow
The space filled by the glass melt and its boundaries with the inner surface of the crucible, the
rotating shaft and the outer surface of the rotor.
3.3 Special instrument constant; k*
Instrument constants integrated by taking into account the flow field coefficient, dimensional
coefficient, viscometer head coefficient, and rotor viscosity coefficient.
NOTE: k* has nothing to do with torque, speed and viscosity.
3.4 Melting temperature
The temperature corresponds to the viscosity of 10Pa·s.
3.5 Working temperature
The temperature corresponds to the viscosity of 103Pa·s.
3.6 VFT-equation
An empirical formula that describes the relationship between the viscosity of glass and
temperature.
NOTE: VFT is the abbreviation of Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann.
4 Principles
When a rotational viscometer is used to measure the high-temperature viscosity of glass melt,
the motor drives the rotor to continuously rotate in the glass melt, and friction force is generated
between the rotor surface and the contacting glass melt interface. The friction force is related
to the viscosity of the glass melt. Therefore, changes in the rotation speed and torque of the
rotor reflect the viscosity of the glass melt. The greater the torque is, the greater the viscosity
of the glass melt is. The higher the rotation speed is, the smaller the viscosity of the glass melt
is. vice versa. The torque and rotational speed of the rotor in the glass melt are measured
experimentally, and the viscosity of the glass melt is calculated by using Formula (1).
Where:
η – viscosity, in Pa·s;
k* - constant of special instrument;
τ – torque applied to the rotator, in N·m;
n – speed of rotator.
The high-temperature viscosity of the glass melt is mainly related to the composition and
temperature of the glass. The viscosity plot of the glass melt with a specific composition
measured at different temperatures constitutes the viscosity-temperature curve of the glass.
by the reference glass and the same viscosity value in Appendix C is greater than 10 ℃, the
instrument status shall be adjusted to meet the usage requirements.
7.2 Testing
7.2.1 Place the crucible containing the glass sample to be measured into the high-temperature
furnace of the viscometer. Make sure that the crucible is placed stably on the base.
7.2.2 Set the test condition parameters, including the heating rate of the high-temperature
furnace (recommended 5℃/min~10℃/min), upper limit temperature, lower limit temperature,
holding time, cooling rate during the test (recommended 1℃/min~3℃/min), reheating rate after
testing. When setting the upper limit temperature, in addition to considering the possible
chemical reactions between the glass melt and the crucible and rotor materials, it is also
necessary to consider the volatilization and devitrification tendencies of the glass.
For volatile glass, the upper limit temperature should not be too high, as long as the bubbles
can be fully discharged (refer to the temperature corresponding to 100Pa·s of the glass melt).
For easily devitrified glass, it should use a faster cooling rate during measurement. The
temperature change rate should refer to the data set when calibrating the instrument using
standard glass. When setting parameters, measurements should be made within a short period
of time to avoid changes in the chemical or physical properties of the glass during long-term
measurements. The viscosity measurement can be carried out under uniform cooling conditions;
or the insulation setting can be performed at a specific temperature during the cooling process,
and the viscosity can be measured continuously.
7.2.3 Start heating and temperature-rising the sample to the set upper limit temperature, and
keep it warm for no less than 10 min.
7.2.4 Set the initial speed of the viscometer.
7.2.5 Slowly lower the rotor and start the rotor rotation. Once the bottom of the rotor contacts
the molten glass, the torque on the viscometer head starts to rise from 0, indicating that the rotor
has contacted the surface of the glass melt. Then lower the rotor to ensure that the rotor is
completely immersed in the glass melt and ensure that the location where the rotor is immersed
into the glass melt is consistent during each test.
7.2.6 The measurement officially starts, and the rotor speed and torque are continuously read
during the cooling process.
7.2.7 Stop the rotor rotation after the furnace temperature drops to the set lower limit
temperature according to the set testing procedure or when the measured viscosity reaches the
maximum set value. However, if it is found that the rotor speed decreases sharply, the rotor
rotation can be stopped when the furnace temperature is still higher than the set lower limit
temperature to avoid deformation of the rotating shaft due to excessive viscosity of the glass
melt.
7.2.8 When the furnace temperature quickly returns to the set value, lift the rotor to completely
leave the surface of the glass melt. After the residual glass melt drips from the rotor, lower the
crucible base, take out the crucible and pour out the glass melt.
In the event of a sudden failure of the instrument or phase separation or crystallization of the
glass, the rotor rotation shall be stopped manually; and the heating program shall be r...