GB/T 38187-2019 English PDF (GB/T38187-2019)

GB/T 38187-2019: Terminology of reliability for automotive electrical and electronics
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GB/T 38187-2019
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 43.040.10
T 36
Terminology of reliability for automotive electrical and
electronics
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 18, 2019
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 01, 2020
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3 
1 Scope ... 4 
2 Terms and definitions... 4 
2.1 Basic terminology ... 4 
2.2 Terminology on probability and statistics ... 17 
2.3 Terminology on design and analysis ... 31 
2.4 Test terminology ... 37 
References ... 41 
Index in English ... 42 
Terminology of reliability for automotive electrical and
electronics
1 Scope
This standard defines reliability terms and definitions related to the automotive
electrical and electronics.
This standard applies to all kinds of technical data, which is related to the automotive
electrical and electronics.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 Basic terminology
2.1.1 Basic concepts
2.1.1.1
Item
Object of consideration.
Note: An item can be a single part, component, device, functional unit, equipment,
subsystem or system.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-01-01]
2.1.1.2
Part
A single inseparable part in a machine, which is the basic component of the machine
AND the basic unit in the machine manufacturing process.
2.1.1.3
Component
The constituent parts of a device, which cannot be divided into smaller parts, without
losing their specific function.
[GB/T 2900.1-2008, definition 3.3.19]
2.1.1.4
Passive element
Electronic components, that can achieve their own functions, without an external
energy source, such as capacitors, resistors, etc.
2.1.1.5
Active element
Electronic components, that require an external energy source to achieve their own
functions, such as transistors, diodes, tubes, relays, etc.
2.1.1.6
Device
A physical element or combination of such elements, to achieve a desired function.
Note: A device can be part of a larger device.
[GB/T 2900.1-2008, definition 3.3.18]
2.1.1.7
Installation
An appliance or a group of interrelated devices and/or appliances, which is installed
in a given location, for a specific purpose, including all appliances that make them
work well.
[GB/T 2900.1-2008, definition 3.3.24]
2.1.1.8
Subsystem
Within a system, a group of parts, components or combination of devices, that
perform a certain function of use, such as power sub-system, body control sub-
system, power sub-system, etc.
2.1.1.9
System
A collection of all interrelated elements, which are considered in the defined sense
ideal conditions of use and warranty.
2.1.2.7
Operational reliability
The reliability of the product, when it is used in the actual environment, which
reflects the comprehensive influence of product design, manufacture, use,
maintenance, environment and other factors.
2.1.2.8
Reliability with repair
The reliability, that a product can achieve, with preventive maintenance.
2.1.2.9
Maintainability
The probability, that the product under the given conditions of use can complete the
given actual maintenance work, within the stated time interval, when the
maintenance is carried out, under the stated conditions AND according to the stated
procedures and resources.
2.1.2.10
Serviceability
The degree, to which product maintenance is accomplished, within specified
conditions and within a specified time period.
2.1.2.11
Preventive maintenance
All activities, which are carried out to maintain a product in a specified state, by
systematically checking, detection, eliminating symptoms of failure. It includes pre-
maintenance, scheduled maintenance, conditional maintenance, fault inspection, etc.
2.1.2.12
Repairability
The probability, that a failed system will return to normal working condition, within
the specified effective maintenance time.
2.1.2.13
Availability
The ability to be in a state of performing as required.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-01-23]
2.1.2.14
Durability
The ability of a product to perform the required function, under given conditions of
use and maintenance, until the end of its useful life.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-01-21]
2.1.2.15
Survivability
The ability of a product, to withstand man-made environmental disturbances and
perform specified tasks, without destructive damage.
2.1.2.16
Operational readiness
The probability that, at any point in time, the system is in good working order OR
capable of replacing the old system under specified conditions (including the
allowable lead time).
2.1.2.17
Cost-effectiveness
A basic indicator, for measuring the effectiveness of cost usage.
2.1.2.18
System effectiveness
The degree, to which a system meets the requirements of a specific set of tasks,
under specified conditions and within a specified period of time. It is related to
availability, mission success and inherent capability.
2.1.3 Defects and failures
2.1.3.1
Defect
2.1.3.9
Aging
The phenomenon, in which the properties of materials exposed to natural or artificial
environmental conditions deteriorate, over time.
2.1.3.10
Degradation
The process, by which a product gradually loses its function or ability to perform.
2.1.3.11
Wear
Mechanical removal of surface material, due to adhesion or peeling of the surface.
2.1.3.12
Wear out
The process of increase in fault rate OR the process by which the probability of fault
increases with the number of life units.
2.1.3.13
Fatigue
Damage, which is caused by cyclic loading.
2.1.3.14
Contamination
A substance, that affects the physical or electrical properties of a part.
2.1.3.15
Foreign material
Substances, which come from outside the part or system.
2.1.3.16
Pin hole
Tiny holes, which pass through the insulating layer (glass layer).
2.1.3.17
Crazing
Defects, that appear as web-like cracks on the surface.
[GB/T 15757-2002, definition 4.4.5]
2.1.3.18
Crack
Parts are broken in whole or in part BUT show no signs of overall separation.
2.1.3.19
Dissociation
The breakdown of a substance into two or more substances.
2.1.3.20
Thermal fatigue
A failure mode, in which a material eventually cracks or causes damage, under the
repeated action of alternating thermal stress.
2.1.3.21
Purple plague
A brittle compound, which is formed at the interface, when gold and aluminum are
in close contact and exposed to high temperature and high humidity. It breaks the
bond between gold and aluminum.
2.1.3.22
Creep
Under the action of high temperature and stress below the yield strength, the plastic
deformation of the material increases with time.
2.1.3.23
Yield
In the process of stretching or compressing the material, when the stress exceeds the
elastic limit, the deformation increases rapidly, AND the material loses the ability to
resist continuous deformation. When the stress reaches a certain value, although the
2.1.3.30
Sneak circuit
Unexpected paths or logic circuits, that excite unintended functions or inhibit
intended functions, under specific circumstances.
2.1.3.31
Failure
Loss of the ability to perform a requirement.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-03-01]
2.1.3.32
Fault
Loss of ability to perform as required, due to internal conditions.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-04-01]
2.1.3.33
Failure rate
A basic parameter of product reliability. Its measurement method is the ratio -- of
the total number of product failures TO the total number of product life units, --
under specified conditions and within a specified period.
2.1.3.34
Hazard rate
h(t)
At a specific time, the rate of change -- of the number of products that have failed,
as divided by the number of products that have not failed, -- that is, the probability
that a product, that is still working at time t, will fail at interval Δt, as shown in
formula (1) and formula (2).
Where:
R(t) - Product reliability;
f(t) - Product failure rate.
2.1.3.35
Fit
The unit of failure rate, 1 fit represents 1 component failure in 1 hour in 1 billion
components.
2.1.3.36
Initial failure
Failure that occurs for the first time, during product use.
2.1.3.37
Early life failure
The failure of a product, in the early stage of its life, due to defects in design,
manufacture, assembly. The failure rate decreases with the increase in the number
of life units.
2.1.3.38
Bathtub curve
During the life cycle of the product, the bathtub-shaped curve where the typical
failure rate changes over time.
2.1.3.39
Decreasing failure rate
The instantaneous failure rate, which expresses the product bathtub curve model OR
the initial or "early failure" stage of the product life cycle.
2.1.3.40
Constant failure rate; CFR
The instantaneous failure rate, which expresses the middle of the bathtub curve
model of the part life, OR the "effective life" period in the bathtub curve model.
2.1.3.41
Increasing failure rate
The instantaneous failure rate, which expresses the third or "wear" stage of the
GB/T 38187-2019
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 43.040.10
T 36
Terminology of reliability for automotive electrical and
electronics
ISSUED ON: OCTOBER 18, 2019
IMPLEMENTED ON: MAY 01, 2020
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3 
1 Scope ... 4 
2 Terms and definitions... 4 
2.1 Basic terminology ... 4 
2.2 Terminology on probability and statistics ... 17 
2.3 Terminology on design and analysis ... 31 
2.4 Test terminology ... 37 
References ... 41 
Index in English ... 42 
Terminology of reliability for automotive electrical and
electronics
1 Scope
This standard defines reliability terms and definitions related to the automotive
electrical and electronics.
This standard applies to all kinds of technical data, which is related to the automotive
electrical and electronics.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 Basic terminology
2.1.1 Basic concepts
2.1.1.1
Item
Object of consideration.
Note: An item can be a single part, component, device, functional unit, equipment,
subsystem or system.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-01-01]
2.1.1.2
Part
A single inseparable part in a machine, which is the basic component of the machine
AND the basic unit in the machine manufacturing process.
2.1.1.3
Component
The constituent parts of a device, which cannot be divided into smaller parts, without
losing their specific function.
[GB/T 2900.1-2008, definition 3.3.19]
2.1.1.4
Passive element
Electronic components, that can achieve their own functions, without an external
energy source, such as capacitors, resistors, etc.
2.1.1.5
Active element
Electronic components, that require an external energy source to achieve their own
functions, such as transistors, diodes, tubes, relays, etc.
2.1.1.6
Device
A physical element or combination of such elements, to achieve a desired function.
Note: A device can be part of a larger device.
[GB/T 2900.1-2008, definition 3.3.18]
2.1.1.7
Installation
An appliance or a group of interrelated devices and/or appliances, which is installed
in a given location, for a specific purpose, including all appliances that make them
work well.
[GB/T 2900.1-2008, definition 3.3.24]
2.1.1.8
Subsystem
Within a system, a group of parts, components or combination of devices, that
perform a certain function of use, such as power sub-system, body control sub-
system, power sub-system, etc.
2.1.1.9
System
A collection of all interrelated elements, which are considered in the defined sense
ideal conditions of use and warranty.
2.1.2.7
Operational reliability
The reliability of the product, when it is used in the actual environment, which
reflects the comprehensive influence of product design, manufacture, use,
maintenance, environment and other factors.
2.1.2.8
Reliability with repair
The reliability, that a product can achieve, with preventive maintenance.
2.1.2.9
Maintainability
The probability, that the product under the given conditions of use can complete the
given actual maintenance work, within the stated time interval, when the
maintenance is carried out, under the stated conditions AND according to the stated
procedures and resources.
2.1.2.10
Serviceability
The degree, to which product maintenance is accomplished, within specified
conditions and within a specified time period.
2.1.2.11
Preventive maintenance
All activities, which are carried out to maintain a product in a specified state, by
systematically checking, detection, eliminating symptoms of failure. It includes pre-
maintenance, scheduled maintenance, conditional maintenance, fault inspection, etc.
2.1.2.12
Repairability
The probability, that a failed system will return to normal working condition, within
the specified effective maintenance time.
2.1.2.13
Availability
The ability to be in a state of performing as required.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-01-23]
2.1.2.14
Durability
The ability of a product to perform the required function, under given conditions of
use and maintenance, until the end of its useful life.
[GB/T 2900.99-2016, definition 192-01-21]
2.1.2.15
Survivability
The ability of a product, to withstand man-made environmental disturbances and
perform specified tasks, without destructive damage.
2.1.2.16
Operational readiness
The probability that, at any point in time, the system is in good working order OR
capable of replacing the old system under specified conditions ...