GB/T 25993-2023 English PDF (GB/T25993-2023)

GB/T 25993-2023: Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags
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GB/T 25993-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 91.100.99
CCS Q 10
Replacing GB/T 25993-2010
Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags
ISSUED ON. NOVEMBER 27, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON. JUNE 01, 2024
Issued by. State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword... 3
1 Scope... 6
2 Normative references... 6
3 Terms and definitions... 7
4 Product categories, grades, and markings... 8
5 General requirements... 9
6 Technical requirements... 9
7 Test methods... 13
8 Inspection rules... 16
9 Product certification, stacking and transportation... 17
Appendix A (Normative) Test method for flexural strength of permeable paving flags
... 19
Appendix B (Normative) Test method for splitting tensile strength of permeable paving
bricks... 23
Appendix C (Normative) Permeability coefficient test method... 27
Permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags
1 Scope
This document specifies the product categories, grades, markings, general requirements,
technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, product certification, stacking
and transportation of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags.
This document applies to the design, production, testing and application of permeable
pavement products for use in municipal sidewalks, landscape paths, non-heavy-loaded
pavement plazas and other places.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of
their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the
version corresponding to that date is applicable to this document; for undated references,
the latest version (including all amendments) is applicable to this document.
GB 175, Common Portland Cements
GB/T 1596, Fly ash used for cement and concrete
GB/T 2015, White Portland cement
GB/T 4111, Test Methods for the concrete block and brick
GB 6566, Limits of radionuclides in building materials
GB 8076, Concrete admixtures
GB/T 12988, Test method for abrasion resistance of inorganic paving materials
GB/T 14684, Sand for construction
GB/T 14685, Pebble and crushed stone for construction
GB/T 17431.1, Lightweight aggregates and its test methods - Part 1.Lightweight
aggregates
GB/T 18046, Ground granulated blast furnace slag used for cement, mortar and
concrete
GB/T 20472, Sulphoaluminate cement
3.4
slip resistance
The ability to resist relative displacement between pedestrian soles and the surface of
permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags.
4 Product categories, grades, and markings
4.1 Categories
4.1.1 According to the different formats of permeable paving bricks and permeable
paving flags, they are divided into two categories. permeable paving bricks (code. PB)
and permeable paving flags (code. PF).
4.1.2 According to the shapes of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags,
they are divided into interlocking type (code. S) and ordinary type (code. N).
4.2 Grades
4.2.1 Strength grade
4.2.1.1 According to the splitting tensile strength, it is divided into 4 strength grades.
fts3.0, fts3.5, fts4.0 and fts4.5.
4.2.1.2 According to the flexural strength, it is divided into 6 strength grades. Rf3.0,
Rf3.5, Rf4.0, Rf4.5, Rf5.5 and Rf6.5.
4.2.2 Water permeability grade
According to the permeability coefficient, it is divided into Grade A and Grade B.
4.3 Marking
4.3.1 In product marking, two to three-digit letters or Arabic numerals may be used to
replace Chinese characters which are used to express the geometric shape and surface
decorative effects of the product.
4.3.2 The product marking of permeable paving bricks shall be written in the order of
category, permeability grade, format (L×W×D), strength grade and standard number.
Example. Interlocking permeable paving brick of format 200 mm × 100 mm × 60 mm,
splitting tensile strength fts3.5, and permeability coefficient grade A, is marked as. PB-
A 200×100×60 S fts3.5 GB/T 25993-2023.
4.3.3 The product marking of permeable paving flags shall be written in the order of
category, permeability grade, format (L×W×D), strength grade and standard number.
Example. Interlocking permeable paving flags of format 600 mm × 300 mm × 60 mm,
flexural strength Rf3.5, and water permeability coefficient grade A, is marked as. PF-A
600 × 300 × 60 S Rf3.5 GB/T 25993-2023.
5 General requirements
5.1 Raw materials
5.1.1 Cement shall comply with the requirements of GB 175, GB/T 2015, GB/T 20472,
JC/T 870 and JC/T 933.
5.1.2 Fine aggregate shall comply with the requirements of GB/T 14684.
5.1.3 Pebble and crushed stone shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 14685.Heavy
slag shall comply with the provisions of YB/T 4178.
5.1.4 The natural or artificial color aggregates used shall be tested and verified before
use to prove that the product performance complies with the provisions of relevant
standards. The added color aggregates shall not have an adverse effect on the durability
of the product; the quality of other materials shall meet the requirements of relevant
standards. Raw materials without a standard shall be inspected before use, and can only
be used if the product performance meets the requirements of this document.
5.1.5 Fly ash shall comply with the provisions of GB/T 1596; ground slag powder shall
comply with the provisions of GB/T 18046.Lightweight aggregate shall comply with
the provisions of GB/T 17431.1.
5.1.6 Pigments shall comply with the requirements of JC/T 539.
5.1.7 Admixtures shall comply with the requirements of GB 8076 or JC/T 474.
5.1.8 Water shall comply with the requirements of JGJ 63.
5.1.9 The radioactivity of raw materials shall comply with the requirements of GB 6566.
5.2 Format
The format of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags shall be determined
by the supplier or agreed upon in advance by the customer and the supplier. The arris
around the surface layer of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags should
be chamfered (beveled or rounded).
6 Technical requirements
6.1 Dimension deviation
Key.
1 – length;
2 – width;
3 – thickness.
Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of length, width and thickness measurement
7.1.2.2 Diagonal
Use a steel ruler to measure the two diagonals separately, reading to an accuracy of 1
mm; calculate the difference between the two diagonals.
7.1.2.3 Flatness, sticky skin and surface defect
Place the brick caliper on the facing layer (upper face) and other surfaces of the test
piece at random; slide the measuring ruler in the middle of the brick caliper; measure
the maximum projection size on the defect or sticky skin with curvature and depth
exceeding 1 mm on the front; read the reading accurately to 0.5 mm. For flatness
detection, select two measuring lines, with the plane angle of the two measuring lines
not less than 30°. Use the brick caliper to measure the spacer nibs (or other designed
side geometric shapes). If the product side is designed with simple, straight ribs, it is
allowed to use visual inspection to directly determine whether the size of the nibs meets
the design value during inspection.
7.1.2.4 Perpendicularity in thickness direction
Depending on whether the measured edge angle is greater than or less than 90°, use a
right-angle ruler and a feeler gauge to measure. Measure at 2 points on each arris. The
distance between the 2 measured points shall not be less than 1/3 of the length of the
arris being measured. Record the reading measured at the maximum distance, accurate
to 0.5 mm. When the length of a curved arris of the test piece exceeds 1/2 of its
circumference, measure 3 points on the arris, and the distance between the 2 measured
points shall not be less than 1/4 of the length of the measured arris.
7.1.2.5 Perpendicularity
Use a right-angle ruler and a feeler gauge to measure the perpendicularity of the four
corners of the rectangular test piece; read the maximum gap value measured with an
accuracy of 0.5 mm.
7.1.2.6 Cracks, missing edges and corners
The detection of cracks, missing edges and corners shall be carried out in accordance
with GB/T 4111.
7.2 Color and pattern of the facing layer
Randomly select test pieces from the batch; form an approximately square paving
surface of about 1 m2 on the ground with the upper face facing upwards. Under natural
light conditions, the inspectors stand nearby and conduct a visual inspection downwards
to observe whether there are any obvious differences in color and pattern.
7.3 Thickness of the facing layer
Break the test piece in the middle and select the thinnest part of the facing layer of the
fracture surface to measure the thickness of the facing layer, with an accuracy of 1 mm.
7.4 Mechanical properties
7.4.1 Carry out the flexural strength test according to the method specified in Appendix
A.
7.4.2 Carry out the splitting tensile strength test according to the method specified in
Appendix B.
7.5 Permeability coefficient
Carry out the permeability coefficient test according to the method specified in
Appendix C.
7.6 Frost resistance
7.6.1 The number of test pieces is 10 pieces in 2 groups. One group of 5 pieces is first
subjected to freeze-thaw cycle test according to GB/T 4111, but the test pieces are
immersed in water for 24 hours at the beginning and end of the test; the other group of
5 piece is used for comparison. The environmental conditions for the placement of
concrete test pieces are. The temperature is (20±5) ℃, and the relative humidity is
(65±10)%.
7.6.2 After the freeze-thaw cycle, the test pieces shall be subject to the upper face defect
depth test of the single piece according to 7.1.2.3, and then shall be tested according to
the method specified in 7.4 simultaneously with the comparison test piece.
7.6.3 The calculation of single block mass loss rate and average strength loss rate of
frost resistance test results shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 4111.
7.7 Abrasion resistance
Carry out the abrasion resistance test according to the method specified in GB/T 12988.
7.8 Slip resistance
Carry out the slip resistance test according to the method specified in GB/T 32987.
8 Inspection rules
8.1 Inspection classification
8.1.1 Exit-factory inspection items
Ex-factory inspection items include dimension deviation, appearance quality, strength
grade and permeability coefficient.
8.1.2 Type inspection items
8.1.2.1 Type inspection items are all items specified in Chapter 6.
8.1.2.2 Type inspection shall be carried out if any of the following conditions occur.
a) Finalization and appraisal of new product trial production or transfer of old
products to other factories;
b) When there are major changes in raw materials, categories, raw material ratios,
or processes during production, or after major equipment repairs;
c) Under normal production, it shall be carried out at least once a year.
d) When the product is resumed after being discontinued for more than 6 months;
e) When the factory inspection results are significantly different from the last type
inspection.
8.2 Batch
2 000 m2 of permeable paving bricks and permeable paving flags made from the same
batch of raw materials, produced by the same production process and with the same
mark are considered a batch; those less than 2 000 m2 are counted as a batch.
8.3 Sampling rules
8.3.1 Test pieces for appearance quality, dimension deviation and facing layer
inspection shall be randomly selected from each product batch.
8.3.2 Test pieces for other inspection items shall be randomly selected from product
batches that have passed the appearance quality and dimension deviation inspections.
8.3.3 The quantity shall be as specified in Table 7.
Appendix A
(Normative)
Test method for flexural strength of permeable paving flags
A.1 Equipment
A.1.1 Testing machine
The testing machine can be a flexural testing machine, a universal testing machine or a
pressure testing machine with a flexural testing frame. The accuracy of the testing
machine (relative error of indication) shall not exceed ±1%, and the expected breaking
load value of the sample is 20% ~ 80% of the testing machine range.
A.1.2 Support and pressure rod
The diameter of the 2 supporting rods and the pressure rod of the support is (38±2) mm;
the material is steel; the length is 210 mm. Before each use, the supporting rod and the
pressure rod shall be placed flat on the workbench and calibrated using a level ruler in
the same direction along the horizontal direction. Only after it meets the requirements
can it be used.
A.1.3 Gasket
The number of gaskets is 3.Each gasket is (15±1) mm wide and (4±1) mm thick. The
length of the gasket shall be at least 10 mm longer than the width (W) of the test piece.
The material of the gasket is plywood.
A.1.4 Steel ruler
The graduation value is 1 mm.
A.1.5 Vernier caliper
The accuracy is 0.02 mm.
A.1.6 Others
Cutting machine, grinder, level.
A.1.7 Workbench
A smooth surface with a suitable area and made of hard material. It shall be calibrated
with a level ruler before it can be put into use.
A.2 Test piece
The number of test pieces is 5 complete permeable paving flags. The curing period of
concrete permeable paving flags after forming shall be greater than 28 days.
A.3 Test procedure
A.3.1 Processing of test pieces
A.3.1.1 When the width of the paving flag is greater than 200 mm, first use a cutting
machine to cut it so that the flexural test piece meets the requirement of width W = 200
mm ± 5 mm, as shown in Figure A.1.
A.3.1.2 For paving flag test pieces with an uneven facing layer, a flat surface of width
greater than 30 mm shall be cut and ground in the middle of the thickness direction
where loading is applied.
A.3.1.3 On the workbench, use a level ruler to check whether the contact poin...