GB/T 23930-2023 English PDF (GBT23930-2023)

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GB/T 23930-2023: Tri-wheel vehicles -- Steering gear
GB/T 23930-2023
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 65.060
CCS T 54
Replacing GB/T 23930-2009
Tri-wheel vehicles - Steering gear
ISSUED ON: NOVEMBER 27, 2023
IMPLEMENTED ON: JUNE 1, 2024
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the PRC.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 5
2 Normative references ... 5
3 Terms and definitions ... 5
4 Technical requirements ... 6
5 Test methods ... 8
6 Inspection rules ... 15
7 Marking, packaging, transportation, and storage ... 17
Tri-wheel vehicles - Steering gear
1 Scope
This document specifies the technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules,
marking, packaging, transportation, and storage of steering gear assemblies of tri-wheel
vehicles.
This document is applicable to the design, manufacturing, and product quality
inspection and testing of recirculating-ball, rack-and-pinion, and worm-roller steering
gear assemblies (excluding power steering) for tri-wheel vehicles.
2 Normative references
The contents of the following documents, through normative references in this text,
constitute indispensable provisions of this document. Among them, for dated references,
only the edition corresponding to that date applies to this document. For undated
references, the latest edition (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T 2828.1 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes - Part 1: Sampling
schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
JB/T 5673-2015 Agriculture and forestry tractors and machinery - General
requirements of painting
3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
3.1
Rated output torque (force)
The output torque (force) specified for safe use when the steering gear is designed.
3.2
Displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear
ILR
The ratio OF the rack displacement increment TO the pinion rotating angle increment
of a rack-and-pinion steering gear.
Remove 30° from both ends of the input shaft data collected in the test. At the same
time, remove the data corresponding to the rocker arm shaft. According to formula (1),
calculate the angular transmission ratio. Draw the relationship curve between the input
shaft angle and the angular transmission ratio. For non-variable-ratio steering gear,
calculate the average value. For variable-ratio steering gear, according to the
transmission ratio curve required by the manufacturer, respectively calculate the
average transmission ratios in the middle and on both sides.
5.4.2 Determination of displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering
gear
5.4.2.1 Method of determination
Fix the steering gear. The input shaft is connected to the angle sensor. The rack is
connected to the displacement sensor. It is required that there is no gap in the connection.
Rotate the input shaft from the limit position at one end to the limit position at the other
end; measure the instantaneous angle values of the input shaft and rocker arm shaft.
5.4.2.2 Displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear
The displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear is calculated
according to formula (2).
Where:
L - Rack displacement distance, in millimeters (mm);
θ - Rotating angle of input shaft, in degrees (°);
ILR - Displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear, in millimeters per
degree [mm/(°)].
5.4.2.3 Data processing
Remove 30° from both ends of the input shaft data collected in the test. At the same
time, remove the data corresponding to the rack. According to formula (2), calculate
the displacement-angle ratio for the rack and pinion steering gear. Draw the relationship
curve between the input shaft angle and the displacement-angle ratio. For non-variable-
ratio steering gear, calculate the average value. For variable-ratio steering gear,
according to the transmission ratio curve required by the manufacturer, respectively
calculate the average transmission ratios in the middle and on both sides.
5.5 Determination of transmission clearance characteristics
5.5.1 Rack-and-pinion steering gear
Fix the steering gear. Fix the displacement sensor on the housing at the rack end; use
the probe to contact the back of the rack (if possible, fix it directly at the adjusting screw
plug); zero the displacement sensor; add positive and negative torque to the rack. The
loading torque shall comply with the manufacturer's requirements. If the manufacturer
does not require it, a torque of ±(7 N · m~10 N · m) shall be applied, to measure the
variation value of the displacement sensor. Rotate the input shaft; repeat the above
measurement; measure within the full stroke of the rack. The sampling point shall not
be larger than 3 mm. Remove 3 mm of data from both ends of the displacement and
clearance relationship curve obtained from the test; draw the displacement and
clearance relationship curve; calculate the average clearance.
5.5.2 Other types of steering gear
5.5.2.1 First measurement method
Fix the rocker arm shaft and housing; load ±2 N · m torque on the input shaft end;
measure the input shaft’s rotating angle difference, which is the clearance at this point.
5.5.2.2 Second measurement method
Connect the angle sensors to the input shaft and rocker arm shaft respectively; make
sure there is no gap in the connection of the sensors. Apply a 10 N · m load to the rocker
arm shaft; drive the input shaft forward at a speed of 10 r/min~15 r/min. Measure the
instantaneous corresponding angle value between the input shaft and the rocker arm
shaft. Then at the same speed, drive the input shaft in reverse direction to measure the
same data.
5.5.2.3 Data processing
Use the rocker arm shaft’s rotating angle as the benchmark. The difference between the
two corresponding input shaft’s rotating angles measured is the clearance at this point.
Remove 30° from both ends of the input shaft data collected in the test. At the same
time, remove the corresponding clearance; draw the relationship curve between the
input shaft’s rotating angle and the clearance. Calculate the average clearance at +30°
and -30° at the middle position of the input shaft AND the average clearance at the
remaining rotating angles on both sides.
5.6 Determination of transmission efficiency
5.6.1 Determination of transmission efficiency of recirculating-ball and worm-pin
steering gears
5.6.1.1 Transmission efficiency
test, check the damage of the parts.
5.8 Impact strength test
The mass of the drop weight used in the test is 50 kg. Fix the steering gear on the test
bench; place the steering rocker arm horizontally or place the rack vertically; fix the
steering rocker arm or rack in the middle position. Raise the drop weight to a height of
0.3 m and then drop it freely, to impact the end of the rocker arm or the top of the rack.
5.9 Durability test
5.9.1 Durability test of recirculating-ball and worm-pin steering gears
When driving forward, the output shaft applies rated output torque (the loading
waveform is a trapezoidal wave or sine wave; the rated loading force is its peak value;
the loading waveform shall not have commutation spike burrs). Drive the input shaft.
The left and right rotating angles, from the middle position, are not greater than +180°
and not less than -180°. The driving speed is 30...