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GB/T 41654-2022 English PDF (GBT41654-2022)

GB/T 41654-2022 English PDF (GBT41654-2022)

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GB/T 41654-2022: Corrosion of metals and alloys - Method for metallographic examination of samples after exposure to high-temperature corrosive environments
GB/T 41654-2022
GB
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ICS 77.060
CCS H 25
GB/T 41654-2022 / ISO 26146:2012
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Method for metallographic
examination of samples after exposure to high-temperature
corrosive environments
(ISO 26146:2012, IDT)
ISSUED ON: JULY 11, 2022
IMPLEMENTED ON: FEBRUARY 01, 2023
Issued by: State Administration for Market Regulation;
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.
Table of Contents
Foreword ... 3
1 Scope ... 4
2 Normative references ... 4
3 Terms and definitions ... 4
4 Symbols and abbreviations ... 7
5 Requirements ... 7
6 Test methods ... 8
Bibliography ... 16
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Method for metallographic
examination of samples after exposure to high-temperature
corrosive environments
1 Scope
This document applies to the metallographic examination of samples after exposure to
high-temperature corrosive environments.
This document specifies methods for the classification, identification and thickness
measurement of the corrosion scale formed on samples after exposure to high-
temperature corrosive environments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this
document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3611, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional measuring
equipment: Micrometers for external measurements - Design and metrological
characteristics
ISO 13385-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional measuring
equipment - Part 1: Design and metrological characteristics of calipers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE: Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the scales in the exposed sample.
deposit scale in the normal direction perpendicular to the surface of the sample.
3.6 coating
A protective scale of material applied to the surface of metallic materials.
3.7 coating thickness
The distance between the original metal surface and the coating surface in the direction
perpendicular to the normal to the surface of the sample.
3.8 outward growing corrosion scale
A scale of corrosion that grows outward from the original surface of a metal or coating.
3.9 inward growing corrosion scale
A scale of corrosion that grows inward from the original surface of a metal or coating.
3.10 external scale
Generic term for inward growing and outward growing successive scales of corrosion.
3.11 internal corrosion
Corrosion products formed below the external scale.
NOTE: Generally, appear as discrete particles.
3.12 grain boundary corrosion
Corrosion products grow along metal grain boundaries, which is a special form of
internal corrosion.
3.13 de-alloyed zone
Below the corrosion scale, the area where the concentration of the alloying elements
that form the corrosion scale is reduced.
NOTE: It may manifest as dissolution of pre-existing precipitates in the microstructure.
3.14 metal loss
The distance between the original surface of the sample and the boundary of the alloy-
unaffected area of the sample.
3.15 remaining sound metal
That part of a metal that is not affected by corrosion.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
The following symbols apply to this document:
x - the thickness of each scale;
t - the thickness of metal material.
4.2 Abbreviations used in footnotes
The identification of each scale adopts the following footnotes:
o - original;
og - the outward growing part of the external scale;
ig - the inward growing part of the external scale;
tot - total thickness of the external scale (xtot=xog+xig);
in - internal corrosion;
gb - grain boundary corrosion;
d - deposit;
c - coating;
da - de-alloying;
ml - metal loss compared with the original size;
rm - remaining sound metal.
5 Requirements
5.1 The minimum requirement for test accuracy is that when the 95% confidence level
is reached, the loss of the measured material does not exceed ±5μm or 5%. The
uncertainty is the minimum value required for calibration, misalignment (in both
vertical and horizontal directions) and measurement errors.
5.2 The optical microscope used in the test shall have a stage that can move in the X-Y
axis direction or have counting lines and cross lines. The accuracy of the test system
shall reach ±1μm.
6.2 Test process
6.2.1 Inspection before exposure test
Before the exposure test, it shall be in accordance with the provisions of ISO 3611 and
ISO 13385-1. Use a measuring instrument with a measuring accuracy of ±0.02 mm to
measure the dimensions of the uncorroded sample. In the area to be measured after the
exposure test, it is advisable to select no less than 8 equidistant positions for size
measurement.
Dimensional measurements are the basis for the characterization of the original surface
characteristics of metals.
6.2.2 Preparation of cross-sectional metallographic samples
Cross-sectional metallographic samples shall be prepared to determine the dimensional
change of the samples after the exposure test. Great care shall be taken when preparing
cross-sectional metallographic samples. Ensure mounting and polishing are carried out
parallel to the cross-section to be measured. Retain all corrosion products and deposits.
The recommended method for preparing cross-sectional metallographic samples is as
follows.
The samples shall be protected with a suitable coating, so as to ensure the retention of
corrosion products and deposits on the samples. Depending on the sample system tested,
metallic coatings or thermoplastic resins prepared by deposition methods can be used.
Sample supports may be required in the mounting mold to ensure that the section
remains flat.
Samples can be cut before and after mounting. Rod and tubular samples shall be cut
into circular cross-sections along the direction perpendicular to the main axis. Disc-
shaped samples shall be cut parallel to the main axis. Block samples shall be cut along
the direction parallel to the longest face. See Figure 3 for details of cutting requirements.
If it is required to expose a cross-section of a particular plane relative to the surface of
the reference mark, it shall be cut at a plane far enough from that surface to allow
sufficient removal for grinding and polishing (see Figure 3).
One or more artificial samples of known dimensions shall be used as references for
mounting to demonstrate that the sample is mounted and polished in a direction parallel
to the intended cross-section. Flat samples (disc and square structures) can be mounted
together. Use a metal sheet with a constant thickness and known (±1μm) to fix it tightly
along the direction parallel to the sample. A bar sample may be a similar sheet metal of
known thickness bent to a known angle (90° is recommended). Place the sample on the
bent corner of the sheet metal. The alternative of placing multiple spheres around the
sample during mounting can also be used. A schematic diagram of checking alignment
during polishing using a reference artificial sample is shown in Figure 4.
- internal corrosion scale;
- grain boundary erosion zone;
- de-alloyed zone;
- residual coating;
- interdiffusion zone;
-...
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